ARFID Is More Than Just Picky Eating

ARFID Is More Than Just Picky Eating More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand ARFID and Picky Eating New Eating Disorder in DSM-5 Who Gets ARFID? Types   Assessment   Treatment   Are you or is someone you know a picky eater? Some extremely picky eaters may have an eating disorder, known as Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). In most cases, picky eating does not interfere with weight status, growth, or daily functioning. However, people who experience consequences such as these as a result of extremely picky eating may need treatment.?? Picky eaters are people who avoid many foods because they dislike their taste, smell, texture, or appearance. Picky eating is common in childhood, with anywhere between 13 percent  and 22 percent of children between three and eleven years of age considered picky eaters at any given time. While most young children outgrow their pickiness, between 18 percent and 40 percent continue to be picky into adolescence.?? Distinguishing ARFID From “Normal Picky Eating” In developing children, the range of types, textures, and amount of food eaten generally progresses until age six or seven. At around this age, many school-age children become more “picky” and start to favor carbohydrates, which fuel growth. Usually by puberty, both appetite and eating flexibility increase, accompanied by a return to a wider range of intake and greater balance within and across meals. Many parents report concern around their childs eating at a young age, but are told by others it is “normal” and not to worry about it. When to Be Concerned About Your Child Being a Picky Eater Parents of children with ARFID often notice challenges in their child’s range of intake as early as 1  year of age. These children may show a strong preference for a narrow range of foods and may refuse to eat anything outside this range.?? Parents often report that their children with ARFID had trouble transitioning to mixed foods from single baby foods. They also often report they had a specific sensitivity to textures such as “mushy” or “crunchy.” It can be hard for parents and health professionals to distinguish “normal pickiness” in a child from a diagnosis of ARFID. Eating behaviors and flexibility may exist on a continuum between those who are adventurous in trying new foods and those who prefer a routine diet. Most children are still able to meet their nutritional needs despite some pickiness. In chapter 12 of Family Therapy for Adolescent Eating and Weight Disorders: New Applications, Dr. Kathleen Kara  Fitzpatrick and her colleagues write, “While many children do express food preferences and many will have strong aversions to certain foods, ARFID is distinguished by the global and pervasive nature of food refusal.?? ARFID is described by some as “food neophobia,” where difficulty with novelty leads to a limited diet. A New Feeding and Eating Disorder in DSM-5 ARFID is a new diagnosis that was introduced with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM-5) in 2013.?? Prior to this new category, individuals with ARFID would have been diagnosed as eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)  or fall under the diagnosis of feeding disorder of infancy or childhood. As a result, ARFID is not as well-known as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Even so, it can have serious consequences. Monitoring Your Childs Weight and Growth Charts Individuals with ARFID do not eat enough to meet their energy and nutritional needs. However, unlike individuals with anorexia nervosa, people with ARFID do not worry about their weight or shape or becoming fat and do not restrict their diet for this reason. ARFID also does not typically emerge after a history of more normal eating as do anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Individuals with ARFID usually have had restrictive eating all along. To meet the criteria for ARFID, the food restriction cannot be explained by lack of food, a culturally sanctioned practice (such as a religious reason for dietary restriction), or another medical problem that if treated would solve the eating problem. Furthermore, it must lead to one of the following:?? Significant weight loss (or failure to make expected weight gain in children)Significant nutritional deficiencyDependence on tube feeding or oral nutritional supplementsDifficulty engaging in daily life due to shame, anxiety or inconvenience Who Gets ARFID? We do not have good data about prevalence rates of ARFID. It is relatively more common in children and young adolescents, and less common in older adolescents and adults. Nonetheless, it does occur throughout the lifespan and affects all genders. Onset is most often during childhood. Most adults with ARFID seem to have had similar symptoms since childhood. If ARFID onset is in adolescence or adulthood, it most often involves a negative food-related experience such as choking or vomiting. One large study published in 2014 found that 14 percent  of all new eating disorder patients who presented to seven adolescent-medicine eating disorder programs met criteria for ARFID. According to this study, the population of children and adolescents with ARFID is often younger, has a longer duration of illness prior to diagnosis, and includes a greater number of males than the population of patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Patients with ARFID on average have a lower body weight and therefore are at a similar risk for medical complications as patients with anorexia nervosa.?? Patients with ARFID are more likely than patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa to have a medical condition or symptom. Fitzpatrick and colleagues note that ARFID patients are more frequently referred from gastroenterology than patients with other eating disorders are. They are also likely to have an anxiety disorder, but less likely than those with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa to have depression.?? Children presenting with ARFID often report a high number of worries, similar to those found in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. They also commonly express more concerns around physical symptoms related to eating, such as an upset stomach. Types   DSM-5 gives some examples of different types of avoidance or restriction that may be present in ARFID. These include restriction related to an apparent lack of interest in eating or food; sensory-based avoidance of food (e.g., the individual rejects certain foods based on smell, color, or texture); and avoidance related to feared consequences of eating such as choking or vomiting, often based on past negative experience.?? Fisher and colleagues suggested six different types of ARFID presentation with the following prevalence rates among their sample:?? Picky eating since childhood (28.7 percent)Having generalized anxiety disorder (21.4 percent)Having gastrointestinal symptoms (19.4 percent)Fears of eating due to fears of choking or vomiting (13.1 percent)Having food allergies (4.1 percent)Restrictive eating for “other reasons” (13.2 percent) Assessment   Because ARFID is a less well-known disorder, health professionals may not recognize it and patients may experience delays in getting diagnosed and treated. A diagnosis of ARFID requires a thorough assessment that should include a detailed history of feeding, development,  growth charts, family history, past attempted interventions, and complete psychiatric history and assessment. Other medical reasons for the nutritional deficits need to be ruled out. Dr. Rachel Bryant-Waugh has outlined a diagnostic checklist for ARFID to facilitate gathering the appropriate information:?? What is current food intake (range)?What is current food intake (amount)?How long has the avoidance of certain foods or the restriction in intake been occurring?What is current weight and height and has there been a drop in weight and growth percentiles?Are there signs and symptoms of nutritional deficiency or malnutrition?Is intake supplemented in any way to ensure adequate intake?Is there any distress or interference with day to day functioning related to the current eating pattern? Treatment   For patients and families, ARFID can be extremely challenging. Families often get anxious when children are having difficulty eating and may get stuck in power struggles over food. For older adolescents and adults, ARFID can impact relationships as eating with peers can become fraught. Left untreated, ARFID will rarely resolve itself. The goals of treatment are to increase the patient’s flexibility when presented with non-preferred foods and to help them to increase their variety and range of intake of foods to satisfy their nutritional needs. Many patients with ARFID tend to eat the same food repeatedly until they tire of it and then refuse to eat it again. Thus, patients are encouraged to rotate presentations of preferred foods as well as gradually introduce new foods. At present, there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines for ARFID. Depending on the severity of the malnourishment, some patients with ARFID may need higher levels of care, such as residential treatment or medical hospitalization, sometimes with supplemental or tube feeding. A study published in 2017 found that many patients with ARFID responded well to care in a partially hospitalized program, similar to patients with other eating disorders.?? After the patient has been medically stabilized, treatment for ARFID often includes teaching anxiety management skills accompanied by the gradual introduction of new foods through “food chaining”: starting with foods that are very similar to foods that they already eat and progressing slowly towards more dissimilar foods.?? The average person typically requires several presentations before foods are no longer experienced as novel. For people with ARFID, it is often fifty times before a food is no longer experienced as unfamiliar. For example, one adult patient with ARFID ate no raw vegetables and no fruit. His goals were to increase his ability to eat fruit and vegetables. He did eat carrots when they were in soup. Thus, treatment began by his boiling carrots in chicken broth and cutting them into extremely small pieces and eating those. Next, he started to eat bigger pieces of carrots boiled in broth and eventually carrots just boiled in water. Then, he began to work on peels of fresh carrots. He also started to work on fruit. He began with strawberry jelly on toast, which was something he was comfortable eating. He next introduced strawberry jelly with seeds to get him used to some texture. After that, he introduced macerated fresh strawberries (mixed with sugar to soften them). Eventually, he began to eat very small pieces of fresh strawberries. After that, other fruits and vegetables were gradually added in a similar fashion. For children and adolescents with ARFID, evidence shows that family-based treatment can be helpful. If you (or someone you know) is showing signs of ARFID, it is advisable to seek help from a professional who is well-versed in eating disorders.

Does Every Mother Love Her Child - 3307 Words

Does Every Mother Love Her Child? Child Birth can most definitely be a life-altering event that many women will experience at one point or another during their lifetime. The occasion is often described by many as a beautiful, joyful, awe inspiring process. Usually, most women are overjoyed at the news of their pregnancy. They often impatiently await the conclusion of their nine- month gestation in order to meet their new â€Å"bundle of joy† however; the arrival of a baby is not always a happy event for many mothers. Society typically paints a glorious picture of new motherhood where the mother instantly experiences a connecting bond with their child however, realistically, not every mother immediately makes this connection with their baby at†¦show more content†¦Some mothers fall into a period of depression, self-doubt, fear and many other conflicting emotions opposed by what society expects a new mother should feel. These emotions can become severe enough and may impede the new mother’s abili ty to connect with her newborn, care for the baby and/or herself overall creating a psychological, personal and social disturbance to the point where the mother becomes overwhelmed. This alteration to her life would cause an emotional deterioration to the point where she may become capable of harming herself or her baby. This reaction in new mothers is now known as postpartum depression. Upon experiencing this initial disconnect from their child, many mothers feel an intense sense of loneliness, guilt and shame when she fails to embrace the universal ideology that it is the design of nature for her to enthusiastically anticipate motherhood. Now that a lot more information is available about postpartum depression, many avenues are currently being utilized to bring awareness to this growing problem and support is emerging from some unexpected forums to let struggling mothers know that they are not alone. â€Å"This growing attention toward PPD’s potential severity has also resulted in the creation of social policy in Twenty-nine countries. In the United States, The Mom’s Opportunity To Access Help, Education, Research, and Support for Postpartum Depression (MOTHERS) and the Melanie Stokes Acts, legislation

The Amendment Should Be Banned Essay - 1758 Words

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UK Policies Regarding Inequality And Inclusion Education Essay Free Essays

This essay will place one UK enterprise within Early Old ages that aims to turn to issues associating to inequality and inclusion. It will discourse the inequalities and the subsequent negative effects that this enterprise aims to turn to. It will analyze the possible impact of the enterprise. We will write a custom essay sample on UK Policies Regarding Inequality And Inclusion Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘Removing barriers to achievement ‘ was a Government enterprise in 2004 to enable kids with extra demands to make their full potency, by giving chances to play, learn and develop. It promoted the importance of affecting kids with SEN in doing determinations about their ain acquisition through communicating with them. It had a vision to back up early old ages ‘ scenes, schools and local governments in doing betterments in commissariats. It built on the Every Child Matters results and utilizing incorporate services to better inclusive pattern. It covered four cardinal countries ; early intercession through supplying entree to suited child care for kids and households ; taking barriers to larning through inclusive pattern in every scene ; raising outlooks and accomplishments, through bettering learning accomplishments and schemes for run intoing the demands of kids with SEN ; and presenting the importance of partnership through an built-in attack so parents can be confident that their kids will acquire the instruction they need. ( Lloyd ) Dewey described how a balanced course of study of kids ‘s active acquisition and high quality instruction of cognition was needed for experimental instruction. It is necessary to understand what is meant by equality and inclusion and this essay will take to clear up this. With respect to inclusion the Early Years Foundation Stage statutory model ( 9:1.13 ) suggests: â€Å" suppliers should present individualized acquisition, development and attention that enhances the development of the kids in their attention and gives those kids the best possible start in life † Through the EYFS practicians use the four subjects of alone kid, Positive relationships, enabling environment and acquisition and development to enable inclusive pattern. It is each commissariats duty to take barriers to inclusion, be a positive function theoretical account for valuing diverseness, challenge kids and be alert to marks of exclusion. The National Children ‘s Bureau and Early Years Equality Organisation have proposed a 6th result, viz. to be equal- feel you belong. The benefits of inclusion for kids in Early Old ages are huge. Children learn to value others and in bend they excessively are valued. Their single demands are catered for and they are able to play in enriched environments, where they can larn about others backgrounds and civilizations. Early Old ages scenes need to hold committedness to inclusive pattern to enable kids to accomplish. Inclusive pattern takes into history the United Nations Convention on the rights of the kid, which stated that all kids and immature people have the right to state what they think about affairs that affect them and that they are taken earnestly. ( ) Equality in Early Old ages is concerned with run intoing the demands of single kids. It includes everyone regardless of ethnicity, civilization, faith, household background, place linguistic communication, larning troubles, disablements, gender or ability. ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004:257 ) Children are influenced by their place environment, household values and societal factors. Vygotsky described that a kid ‘s development is embedded in society and that they are a meaningful member from birth. ( Fawcett 2009:49 ) Bruner developed a scaffolding attack based on Vygotsky ‘s zones of proximal development, he believed kids learnt within their cultural environment. It is of import therefore to value kids ‘s civilization so that they develop. Bronfenbrenner ‘s ‘systems ‘ suggested that non merely was the kid influenced by immediate household ( micro ) , the wider societal context of school ( meso ) and parents work topographic points and Government ( exo ) besides had an consequence on them. Research into the benefits for kids go toing a high quality preschool proviso was completed by the 2004 Effective Provision of Preschool Education ( EPPE ) Government undertaking which stated the importance of inclusion and recognised the significance of the Early Old ages. It stated that with respect to SEN scenes should supply different larning chances to run into the demands of single kids. ( Fawcett 2009:93 ) EPPE concluded that early intercession was a cardinal factor in bettering kids ‘s cognitive development. This essay will foreground larning troubles and disablements and the Governments scheme to turn to inequality and inclusion. Children who need excess support in countries such as behavioral or emotional, physical or centripetal, address and linguistic communication are said to hold a Particular Educational Need ( SEN ) . The SEN Code of pattern ( Dfes 2001 ) is used by suppliers to guarantee kids with SEN are given support that is required to run into their specific demands. Guidance on how to place, buttocks and ) supply aid is contained in the codification which should be used in concurrence with the commissariats policy for SEN. If a kid had been identified within a scene as holding SEN they are entitled to holding extra programme of support described as Early Old ages Action. Parents are informed throughout and if it becomes necessary to affect professionals, such a address and linguistic communication healers or kid psychologists the kid is so entitled to a programme described as Early Old ages Action Plus. Individual Education Plans ( IEP ) are devised for kids with SEN in scenes to back up and develop single acquisition. These frequently high spot specific countries of concern or developmental demand. Close partnership with parents and professionals impact on kids ‘s acquisition and development frequently ensuing in better passages to other scenes or school entry. Observations and appraisals are valuable in early intercession. However, would it be more valuable for IEP ‘s to go built-in to be aftering for all kids, holding respect for Every Child Matters results and the Early Years Foundation Stage model, which valued individualized acquisition and development. Funding for SEN has increased from ?2.8 billion to ?4.1 billion in the last four old ages, a Parliament publication described, nevertheless there are still kids being allow down by the system which causes defeat to parents, kids schools and local governments. The Education and Skills Act of 2008 stated it was the responsibility of local governments to advance immature peoples ‘ engagement in instruction and preparation. The Warnock study in 1978 introduced the incorporate attack, now known as inclusive attack and statements of SEN. This study was similar to ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ and Every Child Matters because it put the kid at the Centre of its docket and used a squad work attack. However, Warnock suggested in 2005 that unless there was a alteration in precedence given to kids with SEN the enterprise would non accomplish its purpose. Warnock was described by the Disability Rights Commission as saying subdivision 8 of the Human Rights Act which announced kids have â€Å" the right to personal development and right to set up relationships with other human existences and the outside universe † She suggested that the importance for the kid was that they were able to accomplish this, non peculiarly where they achieved it, she believed particular schools were the manner forward for some kids with SEN and non others. Inequalities and neg effects this enterprise aims to turn to†¦ †¦ .. The challenges confronting kids who have Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) are that excessively many kids are waiting excessively long to hold their demands met. Early intercession is hindered by deficiency of support or hapless coordination between professionals. Mainstream scenes are diffident how they will pull off, they may experience ailment equipped, so kids may be turned off. Developing staff accomplishments needs to be a precedence. Particular schools feel they may hold an unsure hereafter. Families face fluctuations in degrees of support that is available to them within their Local Authority. The ‘postcode lottery ‘ that exists demands careful consideration and alteration. The ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural purposes to raise outlooks and accomplishment through individualized instruction, constructing on what kids already know and can make. It understands the demand for kids to be active scholars. Every Child Matters believed that early intercession was the key to back uping kids with SEN. Using an integrated attack such as Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) the squad of preschool, wellness service, parents and professionals assess the demands of single kids through careful observations. Because it is of import to observe that kids behave otherwise in different state of affairss the CAF would turn out utile for seting all relevant observations together to bring forth an appraisal. Potential impact of enterprise†¦ The inclusive attack to advancing the possible and public assistance of kids with SEN will supply better results for kids. High quality, flexible commissariats who value parental engagement would take to early designation and intercession. It was hoped that the ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural would supply preparation and academic support for staff. The ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural believed that over clip the figure of kids go toing particular schools would fall. Increased cognition and capablenesss in mainstream scenes would enable this to go on, nevertheless the Government still accepted some kids needed the instruction provided by particular schools. The University of Cambridge reported in a Parliament publication that there was grounds that kids who would hold antecedently attended particular schools were booming in mainstream instruction. However it besides reported that some instructors and schools felt sick equipped to get by with kids with SEN. Failings†¦ OFSTED, 2004 described there to be a important deficiency of advancement in commissariats refering SEN. A Parliament publication suggested OFSTED had commented â€Å" advancement in larning remains slower than it should be for a important figure of students † Although OFSTED stated the programme raised consciousness of the benefits for inclusion and had made some betterments to pattern, it besides suggested this was merely in a minority of schools it visited. A Parliament publication described how Lord Adonis, the Under Secretary of State for schools and Minister with duty for SEN commented â€Å" the current system is non working absolutely † he suggested that some households were still non having equal support, doing defeat. Research into how the programme has progressed is still merely on a little graduated table, small has been produced to see the societal impact of inclusion on SEN kids and their equals in mainstream schools. A survey by Education Exeter in 2010 will look at friendly relationships and societal interactions with respect to inclusion. This will turn out utile in understanding how much kids are affected by the programme aimed at taking barriers to achievement. A cardinal precedence is developing of the Early Years work force in recognizing SEN and step ining early, nevertheless is increasing funding adequate to do this happen. Harmonizing to Dyson ( cited Lloyd ) is the programme more concerned with bettering National Standards instead than the engagement and inclusion of kids with SEN? Would a alteration in the course of study better suit taking barriers to achievement through developing it to reflect the holistic attack instead than kids accomplishing on a graduated table? P graduated tables are a mandatory portion of educating kids with SEN that are working below flat 1 of the national course of study. The Inclusion development programme which was launched following the ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ is counsel for commissariats concentrating on specific countries of SEN. It gives utile information and counsel for commissariats to better inclusive pattern through preparation stuffs, information refering where to happen specific aid and advice. It is an priceless acquisition resource to enable quality betterment. Through go oning professional development Early Old ages practicians work to place prejudiced pattern for illustration stereotyping, ignorance, bias and fright. ( Jones 2004:15 ) Through placing factors which may discourage inclusion practicians can measure pattern and do betterments. In decision the inaugural ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ aimed to turn to issues associating to inequality and inclusion. Although the rules of the scheme are clear to assist kids to make their full potency, in world some kids with SEN are still neglecting to accomplish this. The Every Child Matters personalised instruction attack to SEN and a quicker system of appraisal and support will be required to accomplish the schemes aims. It maintained that early intercession was the factor that would find its success as the Surestart programme outlined in the Children ‘s Act 2004. Other factors that need to be addressed are bureaucratism and paperwork, doing certain schools and instructors are equipped to run into kids ‘s demands through preparation and support. It besides needs to measure resources and increased support in order to supply high quality early old ages practicians that value and advance equality and inclusive pattern. How to cite UK Policies Regarding Inequality And Inclusion Education Essay, Essay examples

Medical Devices FDA Essays - Food And Drug Administration

Medical Devices FDA Magnetic Resonance division designs, manufactures, and installs MRI systems and associated equipment for the worldwide medical diagnostic imaging market. In addition, Marconi MR imports MRI systems from Nordstar (located in Helsinki, Finland) and installs them in the United States. Associated equipment includes surface coils and physician viewing stations. Surface coils are specialized transducers, which, when used with an MRI machine, produce high-quality images of specific portions of the anatomy. MR designs, manufactures, and installs surface coils as well. Marconi Medical Systems as a whole, is a transnational corporation. While retaining its strength in the United Stated, MR's products have achieved global recognition. Strengths in markets such as Europe and South America have opened doors to Asian countries such as Japan and China. MR has a variety of customers, but focuses primarily on hospitals and imaging centers. MR customers expect high quality systems that are easy to use, have low operating cost, high throughput, and can support new technology. An MR system must provide superior image quality and offer a range of imaging techniques to support diagnosis. Given the high cost of the equipment ($900,000 on average), customers expect smoothly installed, easy to operate, reliable, low maintenance equipment that provides a solid return on investment. To make all this possible, Marconi must pass the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) stringent policies and procedures for the safe and effective use of a medical device. Advantages of MRI Unlike x-ray based medical diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy are techniques that do not employ ionizing radiation. As such, it is considered to be less hazardous than other x-ray imaging techniques. In addition, since x-rays can only discriminate different tissues by electron density, which does not vary greatly between soft tissues, the injection of contrast media is often necessary. In MRI, however, there are a number of tissue specific parameters which can affect magnetic resonance (MR) signals. One of the most important advantages of MRI is its capacity for displaying soft tissue contrast. An example of this capacity is the discrimination between the gray and white matter of the brain that can be accomplished with MRI. Image contrast can be tailored to the specific clinical application so that specific types of pathology are emphasized. In addition, since MRI is unobstructed by bone, it is especially beneficial in imaging of the brain and spinal cord. MRI also has the unique ability to acquire images in numerous planes without repositioning the patient. Three-dimensional recreations of anatomic structure can be obtained. These characteristics render MRI a very effective and important tool for soft tissue imaging. Regulations Products meeting the definition of a device under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act or "the Act") are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Medical devices are subject to general controls and other controls in the FD&C Act. General controls of the FD&C Act are the baseline requirements that apply to all medical device manufacturers. Unless specifically exempted, medical devices must be properly labeled and packaged, be cleared for marketing by the FDA, meet their labeling claims, and be manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which is a mandated quality assurance system. FDA regulates devices to assure their safety and effectiveness. To fulfill provisions of the FD&C Act, FDA develops rules to regulate devices intended for human use. These rules regulate various aspects of the design, clinical evaluation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, commercial distribution, and postmarket surveillance of devices. These regulations are published in the Federal Register. Final regulations are codified annually in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). What is a Medical Device? The definition of a device appears in section 201(h) of the FD&C Act. A device is: "...an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component, part, or accessory, which is: recognized in the official National Formulary, or the United States Pharmacopeia, or any supplement to them, intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes..." Accessories and Components Certain components such as blood tubing sets, major diagnostic x-ray components, and stand-alone software

All About Chocolates Child Labor and Slavery Problem

All About Chocolate's Child Labor and Slavery Problem Do you know where your chocolate comes from, or what happens in order to get it to you? Green America, a non-profit  ethical consumption  advocacy organization,  points out in this infographic  that although major chocolate corporations rake in tens of billions of dollars annually, cocoa farmers earn just pennies per pound. In many cases, our chocolate is produced using child and slave labor. We in the U.S. chomp down twenty-one percent of the global chocolate supply every year, so it makes sense that we should be informed about the industry that brings it to us. Lets take a look at where all that chocolate comes from, the problems in the industry, and what we as consumers can do to keep child labor and slavery out of our sweets. Where Chocolate Comes From Most of the worlds chocolate begins as cocoa pods grown in  Ghana,  Ivory Coast, and Indonesia, but much is also grown in Nigeria, Cameroon, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Peru. Around the world,  there are  14 million rural farmers and  laborers who rely on cocoa farming for their income. Many of them are migrant workers, and nearly half are small farmers. An estimated 14 percent of them- nearly 2 million- are West African  children. Earnings and Labor Conditions The farmers who cultivate cocoa pods  earn less than 76 cents per pound, and because of the inadequate compensation, they must rely on low-wage and unpaid labor to produce, harvest, process, and sell their crops. Most cocoa farming families live in poverty because of this. They have inadequate access to schooling, healthcare, clean and safe drinking water, and many suffer from hunger. In West Africa, where much of the worlds cocoa is produced, some farmers rely on child labor and even enslaved children, many of whom are sold into bondage by traffickers who take them from their home countries. (For more details on this tragic situation, see these stories on BBC and CNN, and this list of academic sources). Massive Corporate Profits On the flip side, the worlds largest global chocolate companies are raking in tens of billion dollars annually, and total pay for the CEOs of these companies ranges from 9.7 to 14 million dollars. Fairtrade International puts the farmers and corporations earnings in perspective, pointing out that producers in West Africa are likely to receive between 3.5 to 6.4 percent of the final value of a chocolate bar containing their cocoa. This figure is down from 16 percent in the late 1980s. Over the same time period, manufacturers have increased their take from 56 to 70 percent of the value of a chocolate bar. Retailers currently see about 17 percent (up from 12 percent over the same time period). So over time, though demand for cocoa has risen annually, and has been rising at a greater rate in recent years, producers take home a decreasing percentage of the value of the final product. This happens because chocolate companies and traders have consolidated in recent years, which means that there are just a handful of very large, monetarily and politically powerful buyers in the global cocoa market. This puts pressure on producers to accept unsustainably low prices in order to sell their product, and thus, to rely on low-wage, child, and slave labor. Why Fair Trade Matters For these reasons, Green America urges consumers to purchase fair or direct trade chocolate this Halloween. Fair trade certification stabilizes the price paid to producers, which fluctuates as it is traded on commodities markets in New York and London, and guarantees a minimum price per pound that is always higher than the unsustainable market price. In addition, corporate buyers of fair trade cocoa pay a premium, on top of that price, that producers can use for development of their farms and  communities. Between 2013 and 2014, this premium poured more than $11 million  into producing communities, according to Fair Trade International.  Importantly, the fair trade certification system guards against child labor and slavery by  regularly auditing  participating farms. Direct Trade Can Help Too Even better than fair trade, in a financial sense, is the direct trade model, which took off in the specialty coffee sector several years ago, and has made its way to the cocoa sector. Direct trade puts more money into producers pockets and communities by cutting the middlemen  out of the supply chain, and by often paying far more than the fair trade price. (A quick web search will reveal direct trade chocolate companies in your area, and those from which you can order online.) The most radical step way from the ills of global capitalism and toward justice for farmers and workers was taken when the late Mott Green founded the Grenada Chocolate Company Cooperative  on the Caribbean island  in 1999. Sociologist Kum-Kum Bhavnani profiled the company in her award-winning documentary about labor issues in the global cocoa trade  and demonstrated  how companies like Grenada offer  a solution to them. The worker-owned cooperative, which produces chocolate in its solar-powered factory,  sources all of its cocoa from the inhabitants of the island for a fair and sustainable price, and returns profits equally to all worker-owners. It is also a forerunner of environmental sustainability in the chocolate industry. Chocolate is a source of joy for those who consume it. Theres no reason that it cant also be a source of joy, stability, and economic security for those who produce it.

Why you need an internship - and 5 surprising things I learned at mine

Why you need an internship - and 5 surprising things I learned at mine We all can agree that college is tough. You’re busy checking Facebook in class, going to frat parties, and asking your parents for a weekly allowance. All jokes aside, the transition from high school to undergraduate is not easy. But, the transition from undergraduate to the real world is going to be even harder. Internships help make the experience more palatable. I remember being a freshman at Texas Christian University and hearing the upperclassman in the library stressing over what internship they were going to get. Back then, I knew internships were important enough to stress over, but I did not really know what they were or even their significance.   As the school years went by, so did the importance of internships. Positions started to become more competitive and I began to receive an overwhelming amount of letters that began with, â€Å"We regret to inform you.†Senior year was about to start, and I was still without an internship for the semester. I knew this was my last shot at boosting my resume, and I was determined to get an internship that would wow recruiters come graduation. I applied for the Varghese Summersett Digital Marketing Internship after furiously stalking the law firm’s website and social media accounts. I was blown away by the law firm’s success and was hopeful that my resume would stand out. I had no previous experience in law, but I did have an impressive background in marketing which is what landed me the job. Working at VS for the past nine months has been an enriching experience.   My expectations for elevating my marketing knowledge were surpassed within my first few weeks at the firm. Beyond that, I learned a few surprising lessons along the way.1. Yes, interning at a law firm is exactly like â€Å"Suits†For me, I’ve never aspired to be a lawyer, but after working at this firm I have been mesmerized by the law firm’s practicalities, the education required and the etiquette tha t is always displayed.   Everyone really does wear pantsuits, and I really did have to sign a non-disclosure. Learning about criminal law was mesmerizing, and hearing about our attorneys’ success was motivating.2. Seek clarityAs an intern, it’s important to always know the details of the project for which you are assigned. Your boss is counting on you.   Your work will be seen by a larger group of people beyond just your boss, and although some tasks may seem insignificant, everything adds up. Work hard on every project you are given because you never know where it may end up. For me, after I was given an assignment I would repeat the assignment in my own words back to my boss. Sometimes, my boss would correct me and better explain an aspect of a project that I lacked clarity on.3. Work hardInternships typically come with an upfront end date, which means they are only going to last a short amount of time. An internship is your time to gain as much hands-on experien ce as you can so that you can develop your skills, and set yourself up for a career in the real world.4. Be flexibleAs an intern, you are going to be asked to tackle projects that may be outside of your typical duties. You need to be flexible. Be open to wearing multiple hats. Taking on a variety of projects means you will be working with a variety of different people. Learning how to be adaptable will open up opportunities for you, and being flexible with your communication style or way of doing things is essential for success.5. Embrace challengesDoing things you have never done before is scary for everyone, especially when you are an intern. Use fear as a  fuel. Utilize it to enrich your skill set. For me, I had mentioned that I was barely proficient in Spanish. To my surprise, I was asked to translate for our Spanish speaking clients in multiple settings. I translated video recordings, client meetings, and phone calls. Spanish still is not my strong suit, but the value of taki ng on the challenge was indispensable. I showed my coworkers I was willing to help and gained their trust.About the author:  Margaret Foley is a senior at Texas Christian University, where she is majoring in Communications Studies and minoring in English and Graphic Design. She is currently interning at Varghese Summersett, a criminal defense firm based in Fort Worth, Texas.